Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM.

In 1985, Carnegie Mellon doctoral student Feng-hsiung Hsu (nicknamed Crazy Bird) and Thomas Anantharamen developed a chess-playing computer called “ChipTest.” It could search 50,000 moves per second and was controlled by a SUN 3/160 workstation. ChipTest was a simple chess-playing chip based on a design from the Belle chess-playing computer by Ken Thompson. Hsu and Anantharamen were assisted by Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk.

In 1986, ChipTest played in the North American Computer Chess Championship (NACCC). It lost its first two rounds, but finished with an even score.

In August 1987, ChipTest was overhauled and renamed ChipTest-M, the M standing for microcode. It ran on a Sun-4 workstation.

By 1987 Chiptest-M was examining 500,000 chess positions per second. The machine integrated several innovative ideas about search strategies in chess, and had become the reigning computer chess champion. ChipTest was based on a special VLSI-technology move generator developed by Hsu.

In 1987, Chiptest-M won the NACCC championship with a perfect 4-0 score.

In May 1988, Chiptest evolved into Deep Thought 0.01, running on a SUN 4 workstation. In November 1988, Deep Thought 0.01 evolved into Deep Thought 0.02 and examing 720,000 chess positions per second. The new program included two customized VLSI chess processors. Its USCF rating in 1988 was 2551. The team that developed Deep Thought won the Fredkin Intermediate Prize for Deep Thought’s Grandmaster-level performance.

In May, 1989 Deep Thought won its first World Computer Chess Championship with a perfect 5-0 score. The tournament was held in Edmonton, Canada with 24 participants.

In 1989, Hsu received a Ph.D. with honors from Carnegie-Mellon University.

In late 1989 Hsu joined IBM Research, along with his classmate Murray Campbell. Anantharaman joined the team later, but left IBM for Wall Street. They were to explore how to use parallel processing to solve complex computing problems. Chiptest/Deep Thought evolved into Deep Blue when ported to an RS/6000 SP super computer.

The Deep Thought/Deep Blue team consisted of Hsu, Campbell, Arthur Joe Hoane, Jerry Brody, and C.J. Tan. The project moved to the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Hoane joined the team to perform programming tasks. Brody, a long-time employee of IBM Research, was recruited for the team in 1990. The team was first managed by Randy Moulic, followed by C.J. Tan.

IBM’s Deep Thought played Garry Kasparov in 1990 in a 2-game match in New York. Kasparov easily defeated the computer.

In 1990, Hsu was the recipient of the Mephisto Award for his doctoral dissertation on chess.

In 1990, Anantharaman wrote, “A Statistical Study of Selective Min-Max Search in Computer Chess” for his PhD dissertation. This work was the foundation of Deep Blue. Anantharaman received his PhD in 1990.

By 1991 Deep Thought emerged into Deep Thought II running on an IBM/6000 computer. It was examining 7 million chess positions per second.

In 1991, Hsu won the Association for Computer Machinery (ACM) Grace Murray Hopper Award for his contributions in architecture and algorithms for chess machines.

In February, 1993 Deep Thought was renamed to Deep Blue. IBM held a contest to rename the chess machine and it became “Deep Blue,” a play on IBM’s nickname “Big Blue.”

In February 1993, the Deep Blue team went to Copenhagen. Deep Blue defeated the Danish national chess team by a 3-1 score, but lost a match with Grandmaster Bent Larsen, with a 1.5-2.5 score.

Grandmaster Joel Benjamin was signed by IBM to assist with the preparations for Deep Blue’s matches against Gary Kasparov.

Deep Blue is a massively parallel, 32-node RISC System RS/6000 SP computer system built by IBM. It is a distributed memory multinode, large scale, high performance computing server. It was designed to play chess at the grandmaster level. The RS/6000 was introduced in 1993. There have been 9000 RS/6000 machines built by IBM in Armouk, New York. Deep Blue weighs 1.4 tons. Deep Blue utilizes the Power Two Super Chip processors (P2SC). Each of its 32 nodes employs a single microchannel card containing 8 dedicated Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) chess processors, for a total of 256 processors working in tandem. Deep Blue’s programming code in written in C and runs under the AIX UNIX operating system. IBM spent 5 years and millions of dollars building Deep Blue.

Deep Blue does not use any artificial intelligence. There is no formula for chess intuition. Deep Blue relies on computational power and a search and evaluation function.

Deep Blue is the first computer to attain celebrity status and ended up on the cover of Newsweek (“The Brains Last Stand”). Deep Blue is recognized by over 50% of all Americans.

In 1995, “Deeper Blue prototype,” also called Deep Thought II, played in the 8th World Computer Chess Championship and tied for 2nd place with the computer program Junior. The winner was Fritz 3. The tournament was held in Hong Kong with 24 participants.

Deep Blue first won fame by playing Garry Kasparov in Feb, 1996. Deep Blue lost that time, but an improved model was ready for him in 1997. The improved version had twice the processor speed than the 1996 version. In the 1996 match, held in Philadelphia, Deep Blue was able to win game 1 on Feb 10, 1996. For the first time under tournament conditions, the world chess champion had lost to a computer. Kasparov eventually won 3 games and drew 2 games to win the match.

Deep Blue was upgraded in speed and memory. It also had a collection of 700,000 chess games and 4,000 positions in its memory. The endgame database contained almost all the six piece endgames or less. The opening library was provided by grandmasters Nick de Firmian, John Fedorowicz, and Miguel Illescas.

Before the match, Kasparov requested that he be allowed to study other games that Deep Blue had played so as to better understand his opponent. The IBM team refused. Kasparov, before the match, said that man would always beat the machine, barring human error or loss of concentration.

In May, 1997 Deep Blue (unofficially nicknamed “Deeper Blue”) played world chess champion Garry Kasparov and won the match. Deep Blue won 2 games, lost 1 game, and drew 3 games to take the match in 6 games. The match was observed by 5 million people over the Internet. The games were played on the 35th floor of the Equitable Center in downtown Manhattan. On May 11, 1997, Deep Blue was the first computer system to defeat a reigning world chess champion in a match under standard chess tournament time controls. Despite losing, Kasparov took home $400,000. IBM collected $700,000 and said it would put the money into continued research.

After the final game, Kasparov shrugged and bolted from the table after he resigned. At a news conference later, he lashed out at IBM for programming the computer specifically to beat him. Kasparov said, “It was nothing to do about science. It was one zeal to beat Garry Kasparov. And when a big corporation with unlimited resources would like to do so, there are many ways to achieve the result. And the result was achieved. I feel confident that the machine hasn’t proved anything yet. It’s not ready, in my opinion, to win a big contest.” This was the first time that Kasparov had ever lost a chess match.

Deep Blue generated up to 200 million positions per second (twice as fast as the 1996 version) and evaluated the “goodness” of each chess position. It could calculate 200 billion moves in three minutes, the time allotted for each move. A grandmaster may be able to calculate 500 moves in three minutes. Deep Blue derived its strength mainly on brute force computing power. It was a massively parallel, RS/6000 SP Thin P2SC-based system with 30 nodes. Each node contained a 120 MHz P2SC microprocessor, enhanced with 480 special purpose VLSI chess chips. The chess playing program was written in C and ran under the AIX operating system.

After the match, Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue. After the loss, Kasparov said that he had seen deep intelligence and creativity in the machine’s moves. He suggested that human chess players had intervened on behalf of the machine, which would have been a violation of the rules. IBM denied that it cheated. Kasparov also requested printouts of the machine’s log files, but IBM refused.

The 1997 match between Deep Blue and Kasparov generated $500 million of free publicity for IBM. Its stock went up over $10 to reach a new high for the company.

In June 1997, Deep Blue was ranked as the 259th most powerful supercomputer in the world. It achieved 11.38 GFLOPS on the High-Performance LINPACK benchmark.

In July, 2000 Deep Blue was featured on the animated television series Futurama on the Fox network. Deep Blue was charged with the task of protecting the Earth’s time-space continuum, with help from Al Gore and Star Trek’s Lt. Uhura.

In 2002, Hsu wrote Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion.

In 2003, a documentary film was made that explored the claims of IBM cheating with Deep Blue. The film, entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine, had interviews with some people who suggested that Deep Blue’s victory was a ploy by IBM to boost its stock value.

One of the two racks that made up Deep Blue is on display at the National Museum of American History. The other rack is in the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.

Hsu wanted to design a bigger machine independent of IBM to take Kasparov’s rematch offer, but Kasparov refused a rematch.

Larsen – Deep Blue, Copenhagen 1993
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bb5 Bb4 5.O-O O-O 6.Bxc6 dxc6
7.d3 Qe7 8.Ne2 Bg4 9.Ng3 Nh5 10.h3 Nxg3 11.fxg3 Bc5+ 12.Kh2
Bc8 13.g4 Be6 14.Qe2 f6 15.Be3 Bxe3 16.Qxe3 h6 17.a4 Qb4 18.b3
b6 19.Rf2 c5 20.Kg3 Qa5 21.h4 Qc3 22.Raf1 Rad8 23.g5 Bxb3
24.cxb3 Rxd3 25.Qe2 hxg5 26.hxg5 fxg5 27.Rd1 Re3 28.Qb2 Qxb3
29.Qxb3+ Rxb3 30.Rd5 Ra3 31.Rxe5 g4 32.Kxg4 c4 33.Rd2 Rxa4
34.Rd7 Rc8 35.Ng5 Ra2 36.Rxc7 Ra8 37.g3 Rf2 38.Ree7 Kh8
39.Rxg7 Rh2 40.e5 Rd8 41.Rh7+ Rxh7 42.Nxh7 Rg8+ 43.Ng5 1-0

Larsen – Deep Blue, Copenhagen 1993
1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Nc3 Qa5 4. Nf3 Nf6 5. d4 Bf5 6. Be2
e6 7. O-O Nbd7 8. a3 Be7 9. Bf4 O-O 10. b4 Qb6 11. Re1 Rad8
12. Na4 Qc6 13. c4 Nb6 14. Nc3 Na8 15. Qb3 a6 16. Rad1 Qe8
17. d5 exd5 18. Nxd5 Nxd5 19. cxd5 Qd7 20. Ne5 Qc8 21. Nc4
Rfe8 22. Qg3 Bf6 23. d6 b5 24. dxc7 Rxd1 25. Rxd1 bxc4
26. Bxc4 Bc2 27. Rc1 Nb6 28. Bf1 Qf5 29. Be3 Nc8 30. Bxa6 Bb2
31. Bxc8 Rxc8 32. Qd6 h6 33. Rf1 Be5 34. Qa6 Bd3 0-1

Lars Bo Hansen – Deep Blue, Copenhagen 1993
1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. d4 Be7 5. Bf4 O-O 6. e3 c5
7. dxc5 Bxc5 8. Qc2 Nc6 9. a3 Qa5 10. Nd2 Be7 11. Bg3 Bd7
12. Be2 Qb6 13. O-O d4 14. Na4 Qd8 15. b4 Rc8 16. Nb2 e5
17. Nb3 dxe3 18. fxe3 Qe8 19. Rad1 Ng4 20. Qc3 Bg5 21. Bxg4
Bxg4 22. Rde1 f6 23. c5 Nd8 24. Nd2 Qc6 25. Qc2 b6 26. Ne4 Nf7
27. Nc4 bxc5 28. Nxc5 Bh5 29. e4 Nd6 30. Nxd6 Qxd6 31. Bf2 Qd2
32. Qb3+ Bf7 33. Qh3 Rfd8 34. Be3 Bxe3+ 35. Rxe3 Bc4 36. Rfe1
Rb8 37. Qg3 a5 38. Rc3 Qd4+ 39. Qe3 axb4 40. Qxd4 Rxd4
41. axb4 Rxb4 42. Kf2 Rb5 43. Na4 Ra5 44. Nb6 Ba6 45. Nd5 Bb7
46. Ne7+ Kf8 47. Nf5 Ra2+ 48. Kf3 Rdd2 49. Rc7 Rf2+ 50. Kg4
Rxg2+ 51. Ng3 Raf2 52. h4 g6 0-1

Deep Blue – Judit Polgar, New York 1993
1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nc6 5. Nc3 Qc7 6. Be2 a6
7. O-O Bb4 8. Nxc6 bxc6 9. Qd4 Bd6 10. Qxg7 Bxh2+ 11. Kh1 Be5
12. Bf4 Bxg7 13. Bxc7 d5 14. Rad1 Ne7 15. Na4 Ra7 16. Bb6 Ra8
17. c3 Ng6 18. Bc7 Ra7 19. Bb8 Rb7 20. Bg3 O-O 21. exd5 cxd5
22. Rfe1 f5 23. Bd6 Rd8 24. Ba3 Rc7 25. Bb4 Rc6 26. Ba5 Rf8
27. Bb6 Rf7 28. Kg1 Bf8 29. b3 Bb7 30. Bh5 Re7 31. Kf1 Kf7
32. c4 Rc8 33. Ba5 dxc4 34. Nb6 Rb8 35. Nd7 Rc8 36. Bb4 cxb3
37. Nxf8 Rxf8 38. axb3 Rb8 39. Bxe7 Kxe7 40. Rd4 a5 41. Ra4
Bc6 42. Rxa5 Rxb3 43. Ra7+ Kf6 44. Rxh7 Nf4 45. g3 Bb5+
46. Kg1 Nh3+ 47. Kg2 Ng5 48. Rh6+ Ke7 49. Re5 Bc6+ 50. Kf1
Rb1+ 51. Re1 Rb2 52. Be2 Ne4 53. Rd1 Bd5 54. Rc1 Nd2+ 55. Ke1
Ne4 56. Ra1 Nc3 57. Bd3 Na2 58. Kf1 Nb4 59. Bxf5 Nc6 60. Rd1
Bc4+ 61. Bd3 Bb3 62. Rb1 Rxb1+ 63. Bxb1 Bd5 64. Rh7+ Kf6
65. Rh4 Ne5 66. Ke2 Bf3+ 67. Ke3 Bc6 68. f4 Nf7 69. g4 e5
70. g5+ Kg7 71. Rh7+ Kg8 72. g6 exf4+ 73. Kxf4 1-0

Deep Blue – Michael Rohde, New York 1993
1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Qc7 5. Nc3 e6 6. Be2 a6
7. O-O Nf6 8. Be3 Bb4 9. Na4 O-O 10. Nxc6 bxc6 11. Nb6 Rb8
12. Nxc8 Rfxc8 13. Bxa6 Rf8 14. Bd3 Bd6 15. f4 e5 16. b3 exf4
17. Bd4 Be5 18. Bxe5 Qxe5 19. Qf3 d5 20. exd5 Nxd5 21. Qe4 Qh5
22. Rae1 g6 23. Bc4 Rbc8 24. a4 g5 25. Bxd5 cxd5 26. Qxd5 Rxc2
27. Rxf4 Qg6 28. Rd4 Rfc8 29. a5 R8c5 30. Qd8+ Kg7 31. b4 Rf5
32. Rd2 Qc6 33. Qd4+ Kg6 34. Rb1 f6 35. Rxc2 Qxc2 36. Qb2 Qd3
37. Ra1 Qe3+ 38. Kh1 Rf2 39. Qb1+ Kh6 40. Qg1 Qd2 41. a6 Qb2
42. a7 Rxg2 43. a8=Q Rxg1+ 44. Rxg1 Qxb4 45. Rf1 Kg7 46. Qd5
h6 47. Qd7+ Kg8 48. Qe6+ Kh7 49. Qf7+ Kh8 50. Qxf6+ Kh7
51. Qf7+ Kh8 1-0

Miguel Illescas – Deep Blue, Internet 1995
1.c4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.d3 g6 5.e3 Bb4 6.Bd2 d6 7.Be2
Be6 8.O-O h6 9.a3 Bxc3 10.Bxc3 O-O 11.d4 e4 12.d5 exf3 13.Bxf3
Bxd5 14.cxd5 Ne5 15.Be2 Ne4 16.Ba5 Rc8 17.f3 Nf6 18.e4 Qe7
19.Bc3 c6 20.dxc6 bxc6 21.f4 Ned7 22.Bf3 Rfe8 23.Re1 d5 24.e5
Nh7 25.Bg4 Nhf8 26.Qd4 1-0

Deep Blue – Kasparov, Philadelphia 1996, Rd 1
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.h3
Bh5 8.O-O Nc6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.cxd4 Bb4 11.a3 Ba5 12.Nc3 Qd6
13.Nb5 Qe7 14.Ne5 Bxe2 15.Qxe2 O-O 16.Rac1 Rac8 17.Bg5 Bb6
18.Bxf6 gxf6 19.Nc4 Rfd8 20.Nxb6 axb6 21.Rfd1 f5 22.Qe3 Qf6
23.d5 Rxd5 24.Rxd5 exd5 25.b3 Kh8 26.Qxb6 Rg8 27.Qc5 d4 28.Nd6
f4 29.Nxb7 Ne5 30.Qd5 f3 31.g3 Nd3 32.Rc7 Re8 33.Nd6 Re1+
34.Kh2 Nxf2 35.Nxf7+ Kg7 36.Ng5+ Kh6 37.Rxh7+ 1-0

Kasparov – Deep Blue, Philadelphia 1996, Rd 2
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 e6 3.g3 c5 4.Bg2 Nc6 5.O-O Nf6 6.c4 dxc4 7.Ne5
Bd7 8.Na3 cxd4 9.Naxc4 Bc5 10.Qb3 O-O 11.Qxb7 Nxe5 12.Nxe5 Rb8
13.Qf3 Bd6 14.Nc6 Bxc6 15.Qxc6 e5 16.Rb1 Rb6 17.Qa4 Qb8 18.Bg5
Be7 19.b4 Bxb4 20.Bxf6 gxf6 21.Qd7 Qc8 22.Qxa7 Rb8 23.Qa4 Bc3
24.Rxb8 Qxb8 25.Be4 Qc7 26.Qa6 Kg7 27.Qd3 Rb8 28.Bxh7 Rb2
29.Be4 Rxa2 30.h4 Qc8 31.Qf3 Ra1 32.Rxa1 Bxa1 33.Qh5 Qh8
34.Qg4+ Kf8 35.Qc8+ Kg7 36.Qg4+ Kf8 37.Bd5 Ke7 38.Bc6 Kf8
39.Bd5 Ke7 40.Qf3 Bc3 41.Bc4 Qc8 42.Qd5 Qe6 43.Qb5 Qd7 44.Qc5+
Qd6 45.Qa7+ Qd7 46.Qa8 Qc7 47.Qa3+ Qd6 48.Qa2 f5 49.Bxf7 e4
50.Bh5 Qf6 51.Qa3+ Kd7 52.Qa7+ Kd8 53.Qb8+ Kd7 54.Be8+ Ke7
55.Bb5 Bd2 56.Qc7+ Kf8 57.Bc4 Bc3 58.Kg2 Be1 59.Kf1 Bc3 60.f4
exf3 61.exf3 Bd2 62.f4 Ke8 63.Qc8+ Ke7 64.Qc5+ Kd8 65.Bd3 Be3
66.Qxf5 Qc6 67.Qf8+ Kc7 68.Qe7+ Kc8 69.Bf5+ Kb8 70.Qd8+ Kb7
71.Qd7+ Qxd7 72.Bxd7 Kc7 73.Bb5 1-0

Deep Blue – Kasparov, Philadelphia 1996, Rd 3
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.O-O
Nc6 8.Be3 cxd4 9.cxd4 Bb4 10.a3 Ba5 11.Nc3 Qd6 12.Ne5 Bxe2
13.Qxe2 Bxc3 14.bxc3 Nxe5 15.Bf4 Nf3+ 16.Qxf3 Qd5 17.Qd3 Rc8
18.Rfc1 Qc4 19.Qxc4 Rxc4 20.Rcb1 b6 21.Bb8 Ra4 22.Rb4 Ra5
23.Rc4 O-O 24.Bd6 Ra8 25.Rc6 b5 26.Kf1 Ra4 27.Rb1 a6 28.Ke2 h5
29.Kd3 Rd8 30.Be7 Rd7 31.Bxf6 gxf6 32.Rb3 Kg7 33.Ke3 e5 34.g3
exd4 35.cxd4 Re7+ 36.Kf3 Rd7 37.Rd3 Raxd4 38.Rxd4 Rxd4 39.Rxa6
b4 1/2-1/2

Kasparov – Deep Blue, Philadelphia 1996, Rd 4
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 Bd6 7.e4
dxe4 8.Nxe4 Nxe4 9.Bxe4 O-O 10.O-O h6 11.Bc2 e5 12.Re1 exd4
13.Qxd4 Bc5 14.Qc3 a5 15.a3 Nf6 16.Be3 Bxe3 17.Rxe3 Bg4 18.Ne5
Re8 19.Rae1 Be6 20.f4 Qc8 21.h3 b5 22.f5 Bxc4 23.Nxc4 bxc4
24.Rxe8+ Nxe8 25.Re4 Nf6 26.Rxc4 Nd5 27.Qe5 Qd7 28.Rg4 f6
29.Qd4 Kh7 30.Re4 Rd8 31.Kh1 Qc7 32.Qf2 Qb8 33.Ba4 c5 34.Bc6
c4 35.Rxc4 Nb4 36.Bf3 Nd3 37.Qh4 Qxb2 38.Qg3 Qxa3 39.Rc7 Qf8
40.Ra7 Ne5 41.Rxa5 Qf7 42.Rxe5 fxe5 43.Qxe5 Re8 44.Qf4 Qf6
45.Bh5 Rf8 46.Bg6+ Kh8 47.Qc7 Qd4 48.Kh2 Ra8 49.Bh5 Qf6 50.Bg6
Rg8 1/2-1/2

Deep Blue – Kasparov, Philadelphia 1996, Rd 5
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nc3 Nc6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nxd4 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6
7.Bd3 d5 8.exd5 cxd5 9.O-O O-O 10.Bg5 c6 11.Qf3 Be7 12.Rae1
Re8 13.Ne2 h6 14.Bf4 Bd6 15.Nd4 Bg4 16.Qg3 Bxf4 17.Qxf4 Qb6
18.c4 Bd7 19.cxd5 cxd5 20.Rxe8+ Rxe8 21.Qd2 Ne4 22.Bxe4 dxe4
23.b3 Rd8 24.Qc3 f5 25.Rd1 Be6 26.Qe3 Bf7 27.Qc3 f4 28.Rd2 Qf6
29.g3 Rd5 30.a3 Kh7 31.Kg2 Qe5 32.f3 e3 33.Rd3 e2 34.gxf4 e1=Q
35.fxe5 Qxc3 36.Rxc3 Rxd4 37.b4 Bc4 38.Kf2 g5 39.Re3 Be6
40.Rc3 Bc4 41.Re3 Rd2+ 42.Ke1 Rd3 43.Kf2 Kg6 44.Rxd3 Bxd3
45.Ke3 Bc2 46.Kd4 Kf5 47.Kd5 h5 0-1

Kasparov – Deep Blue, Philadelphia 1996, Rd 6
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 c5 6.b3 Nc6 7.Bb2
cxd4 8.exd4 Be7 9.Rc1 O-O 10.Bd3 Bd7 11.O-O Nh5 12.Re1 Nf4
13.Bb1 Bd6 14.g3 Ng6 15.Ne5 Rc8 16.Nxd7 Qxd7 17.Nf3 Bb4 18.Re3
Rfd8 19.h4 Nge7 20.a3 Ba5 21.b4 Bc7 22.c5 Re8 23.Qd3 g6 24.Re2
Nf5 25.Bc3 h5 26.b5 Nce7 27.Bd2 Kg7 28.a4 Ra8 29.a5 a6 30.b6
Bb8 31.Bc2 Nc6 32.Ba4 Re7 33.Bc3 Ne5 34.dxe5 Qxa4 35.Nd4 Nxd4
36.Qxd4 Qd7 37.Bd2 Re8 38.Bg5 Rc8 39.Bf6+ Kh7 40.c6 bxc6
41.Qc5 Kh6 42.Rb2 Qb7 43.Rb4 1-0

Deep Blue – David Bronstein, 1996
1. b4 e5 2. Bb2 d6 3. e3 Nf6 4. Nf3 Be7 5. Nc3 O-O 6. Be2 e4
7. Nd4 Nc6 8. Nxc6 bxc6 9. d3 d5 10. a3 exd3 11. cxd3 a5
12. Na2 axb4 13. axb4 Be6 14. Bd4 Rxa2 15. Rxa2 Bxb4+ 16. Kf1
c5 17. Bxf6 Qxf6 18. Ra6 Rd8 19. Ra7 d4 20. e4 c4 21. Rxc7 c3
22. Rb7 Bf8 23. f3 Qf4 24. Rb1 Rc8 25. Qc2 g5 26. Ra1 Rb8
27. Rb1 Qd2 28. Qxd2 Rxb1+ 29. Kf2 Rxh1 30. Qxg5+ Bg7 31. Qd8+
Bf8 32. Bf1 c2 33. Qg5+ Kh8 34. Qc1 Bb3 35. h3 h5 36. h4 Kh7
37. g3 f5 38. Kg2 Rxf1 39. Kxf1 fxe4 40. dxe4 d3 41. Qg5 Ba3
42. Qxh5+ Kg7 43. Qe5+ Kg8 44. Qb8+ Kg7 45. Qa7+ Bf7 46. Qxa3
1-0

Kasparov – Deep Blue, New York 1997, Rd 1
1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 Bg4 3.b3 Nd7 4.Bb2 e6 5.Bg2 Ngf6 6.O-O c6 7.d3
Bd6 8.Nbd2 O-O 9.h3 Bh5 10.e3 h6 11.Qe1 Qa5 12.a3 Bc7 13.Nh4
g5 14.Nhf3 e5 15.e4 Rfe8 16.Nh2 Qb6 17.Qc1 a5 18.Re1 Bd6
19.Ndf1 dxe4 20.dxe4 Bc5 21.Ne3 Rad8 22.Nhf1 g4 23.hxg4 Nxg4
24.f3 Nxe3 25.Nxe3 Be7 26.Kh1 Bg5 27.Re2 a4 28.b4 f5 29.exf5
e4 30.f4 Bxe2 31.fxg5 Ne5 32.g6 Bf3 33.Bc3 Qb5 34.Qf1 Qxf1+
35.Rxf1 h5 36.Kg1 Kf8 37.Bh3 b5 38.Kf2 Kg7 39.g4 Kh6 40.Rg1
hxg4 41.Bxg4 Bxg4 42.Nxg4+ Nxg4+ 43.Rxg4 Rd5 44.f6 Rd1 45.g7
1-0

Deep Blue – Kasparov, New York 1997, Rd 2
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3
d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 h6 10.d4 Re8 11.Nbd2 Bf8 12.Nf1 Bd7 13.Ng3
Na5 14.Bc2 c5 15.b3 Nc6 16.d5 Ne7 17.Be3 Ng6 18.Qd2 Nh7 19.a4
Nh4 20.Nxh4 Qxh4 21.Qe2 Qd8 22.b4 Qc7 23.Rec1 c4 24.Ra3 Rec8
25.Rca1 Qd8 26.f4 Nf6 27.fxe5 dxe5 28.Qf1 Ne8 29.Qf2 Nd6
30.Bb6 Qe8 31.R3a2 Be7 32.Bc5 Bf8 33.Nf5 Bxf5 34.exf5 f6
35.Bxd6 Bxd6 36.axb5 axb5 37.Be4 Rxa2 38.Qxa2 Qd7 39.Qa7 Rc7
40.Qb6 Rb7 41.Ra8+ Kf7 42.Qa6 Qc7 43.Qc6 Qb6+ 44.Kf1 Rb8
45.Ra6 1-0

Kasparov – Deep Blue, New York 1997, Rd 3
1.d3 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c4 Nf6 4.a3 d6 5.Nc3 Be7 6.g3 O-O 7.Bg2
Be6 8.O-O Qd7 9.Ng5 Bf5 10.e4 Bg4 11.f3 Bh5 12.Nh3 Nd4 13.Nf2
h6 14.Be3 c5 15.b4 b6 16.Rb1 Kh8 17.Rb2 a6 18.bxc5 bxc5 19.Bh3
Qc7 20.Bg4 Bg6 21.f4 exf4 22.gxf4 Qa5 23.Bd2 Qxa3 24.Ra2 Qb3
25.f5 Qxd1 26.Bxd1 Bh7 27.Nh3 Rfb8 28.Nf4 Bd8 29.Nfd5 Nc6
30.Bf4 Ne5 31.Ba4 Nxd5 32.Nxd5 a5 33.Bb5 Ra7 34.Kg2 g5
35.Bxe5+ dxe5 36.f6 Bg6 37.h4 gxh4 38.Kh3 Kg8 39.Kxh4 Kh7
40.Kg4 Bc7 41.Nxc7 Rxc7 42.Rxa5 Rd8 43.Rf3 Kh8 44.Kh4 Kg8
45.Ra3 Kh8 46.Ra6 Kh7 47.Ra3 Kh8 48.Ra6 1/2-1/2

Deep Blue – Kasparov, New York 1997, Rd 4
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bg4 5.h3 Bh5 6.Bd3 e6 7.Qe2 d5
8.Bg5 Be7 9.e5 Nfd7 10.Bxe7 Qxe7 11.g4 Bg6 12.Bxg6 hxg6 13.h4
Na6 14.O-O-O O-O-O 15.Rdg1 Nc7 16.Kb1 f6 17.exf6 Qxf6 18.Rg3
Rde8 19.Re1 Rhf8 20.Nd1 e5 21.dxe5 Qf4 22.a3 Ne6 23.Nc3 Ndc5
24.b4 Nd7 25.Qd3 Qf7 26.b5 Ndc5 27.Qe3 Qf4 28.bxc6 bxc6 29.Rd1
Kc7 30.Ka1 Qxe3 31.fxe3 Rf7 32.Rh3 Ref8 33.Nd4 Rf2 34.Rb1 Rg2
35.Nce2 Rxg4 36.Nxe6+ Nxe6 37.Nd4 Nxd4 38.exd4 Rxd4 39.Rg1 Rc4
40.Rxg6 Rxc2 41.Rxg7+ Kb6 42.Rb3+ Kc5 43.Rxa7 Rf1+ 44.Rb1 Rff2
45.Rb4 Rc1+ 46.Rb1 Rcc2 47.Rb4 Rc1+ 48.Rb1 Rxb1+ 49.Kxb1 Re2
50.Re7 Rh2 51.Rh7 Kc4 52.Rc7 c5 53.e6 Rxh4 54.e7 Re4 55.a4 Kb3
56.Kc1 1/2-1/2

Kasparov – Deep Blue, New York 1997, Rd 5
1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 Bg4 3.Bg2 Nd7 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Bxf3 c6 6.d3 e6 7.e4
Ne5 8.Bg2 dxe4 9.Bxe4 Nf6 10.Bg2 Bb4+ 11.Nd2 h5 12.Qe2 Qc7
13.c3 Be7 14.d4 Ng6 15.h4 e5 16.Nf3 exd4 17.Nxd4 O-O-O 18.Bg5
Ng4 19.O-O-O Rhe8 20.Qc2 Kb8 21.Kb1 Bxg5 22.hxg5 N6e5 23.Rhe1
c5 24.Nf3 Rxd1+ 25.Rxd1 Nc4 26.Qa4 Rd8 27.Re1 Nb6 28.Qc2 Qd6
29.c4 Qg6 30.Qxg6 fxg6 31.b3 Nxf2 32.Re6 Kc7 33.Rxg6 Rd7
34.Nh4 Nc8 35.Bd5 Nd6 36.Re6 Nb5 37.cxb5 Rxd5 38.Rg6 Rd7
39.Nf5 Ne4 40.Nxg7 Rd1+ 41.Kc2 Rd2+ 42.Kc1 Rxa2 43.Nxh5 Nd2
44.Nf4 Nxb3+ 45.Kb1 Rd2 46.Re6 c4 47.Re3 Kb6 48.g6 Kxb5 49.g7
Kb4 1/2-1/2

Deep Blue – Kasparov, New York 1997, Rd 6
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Ng5 Ngf6 6.Bd3 e6
7.N1f3 h6 8.Nxe6 Qe7 9.O-O fxe6 10.Bg6+ Kd8 11.Bf4 b5 12.a4
Bb7 13.Re1 Nd5 14.Bg3 Kc8 15.axb5 cxb5 16.Qd3 Bc6 17.Bf5 exf5
18.Rxe7 Bxe7 19.c4 1-0

– Bill Wall